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IGCSE Physics Formula Sheet (0625)
IGCSE Physics Formula Sheet
Cambridge IGCSE Physics (0625) | All 37 Required Equations
Based on official Cambridge syllabus 2023-2025
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Featured Equations (8 of 37)
Across motion, forces, energy, waves & electricity#1v = d / t
Speed = distance / time
v = Speed (m/s)
d = Distance (m)
t = Time (s)
d = Distance (m)
t = Time (s)
#2W = m × g
Weight = mass × gravitational field strength
W = Weight (N)
m = Mass (kg)
g = 9.8 N/kg on Earth
m = Mass (kg)
g = 9.8 N/kg on Earth
#3F = m × a
Resultant force = mass × acceleration (Newton's 2nd law)
F = Force (N)
m = Mass (kg)
a = Acceleration (m/s²)
m = Mass (kg)
a = Acceleration (m/s²)
#4KE = ½ × m × v²
Kinetic energy = ½ × mass × speed²
KE = Kinetic energy (J)
m = Mass (kg)
v = Speed (m/s)
m = Mass (kg)
v = Speed (m/s)
#5ρ = m / V
Density = mass / volume
ρ = Density (kg/m³)
m = Mass (kg)
V = Volume (m³)
m = Mass (kg)
V = Volume (m³)
#6P = F / A
Pressure = force / area
P = Pressure (Pa)
F = Force (N)
A = Area (m²)
F = Force (N)
A = Area (m²)
#7v = f × λ
Wave speed = frequency × wavelength
v = Wave speed (m/s)
f = Frequency (Hz)
λ = Wavelength (m)
f = Frequency (Hz)
λ = Wavelength (m)
#8V = I × R
Potential difference = current × resistance (Ohm's law)
V = pd (volts, V)
I = Current (A)
R = Resistance (Ω)
I = Current (A)
R = Resistance (Ω)
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1. Motion
v = d / t
Speed = distance / time
v = Speed (m/s)
d = Distance (m)
t = Time (s)
Tip: "How far per second?"
v = Speed (m/s)
d = Distance (m)
t = Time (s)
Tip: "How far per second?"
a = (v - u) / t
Acceleration = change in velocity / time
a = Acceleration (m/s²)
v = Final velocity (m/s)
u = Initial velocity (m/s)
t = Time (s)
a = Acceleration (m/s²)
v = Final velocity (m/s)
u = Initial velocity (m/s)
t = Time (s)
2. Mass, Weight & Density
W = m × g
Weight = mass × gravitational field strength
W = Weight (Newtons)
m = Mass (kg)
g = Gravitational field strength (9.8 N/kg on Earth)
W = Weight (Newtons)
m = Mass (kg)
g = Gravitational field strength (9.8 N/kg on Earth)
ρ = m / V
Density = mass / volume
ρ (rho) = Density (kg/m³ or g/cm³)
m = Mass (kg)
V = Volume (m³)
ρ (rho) = Density (kg/m³ or g/cm³)
m = Mass (kg)
V = Volume (m³)
3. Forces
F = m × a
Force = mass × acceleration (Newton's 2nd Law)
F = Force (Newtons)
m = Mass (kg)
a = Acceleration (m/s²)
F = Force (Newtons)
m = Mass (kg)
a = Acceleration (m/s²)
k = F / x
Spring constant = force / extension (Hooke's Law)
k = Spring constant (N/m)
F = Force (Newtons)
x = Extension (metres)
k = Spring constant (N/m)
F = Force (Newtons)
x = Extension (metres)
M = F × d
Moment = force × perpendicular distance from pivot
M = Moment (Newton-metres, Nm)
F = Force (Newtons)
d = Distance (metres)
M = Moment (Newton-metres, Nm)
F = Force (Newtons)
d = Distance (metres)
4. Momentum (Extended)
p = m × v
Momentum = mass × velocity
p = Momentum (kg m/s)
m = Mass (kg)
v = Velocity (m/s)
p = Momentum (kg m/s)
m = Mass (kg)
v = Velocity (m/s)
Δp = mv - mu
Change in momentum = final momentum - initial momentum
Δp = Change in momentum (kg m/s)
v = Final velocity (m/s)
u = Initial velocity (m/s)
Δp = Change in momentum (kg m/s)
v = Final velocity (m/s)
u = Initial velocity (m/s)
F = Δp / t
Force = change in momentum / time
F = Force (Newtons)
Δp = Change in momentum (kg m/s)
t = Time (seconds)
F = Force (Newtons)
Δp = Change in momentum (kg m/s)
t = Time (seconds)
Impulse = F × Δt
Impulse = force × time = change in momentum
Impulse (Newton-seconds, Ns or kg m/s)
F = Force (Newtons)
Δt = Time interval (s)
Impulse (Newton-seconds, Ns or kg m/s)
F = Force (Newtons)
Δt = Time interval (s)
5. Energy, Work & Power
Eₖ = ½mv²
Kinetic energy = ½ × mass × velocity²
Eₖ = Kinetic Energy (Joules)
m = Mass (kg)
v = Velocity (m/s)
Eₖ = Kinetic Energy (Joules)
m = Mass (kg)
v = Velocity (m/s)
ΔEₚ = m × g × Δh
Gravitational PE = mass × g × change in height
Eₚ = Potential Energy (J)
m = Mass (kg)
g = 9.8 N/kg
h = Height (m)
Eₚ = Potential Energy (J)
m = Mass (kg)
g = 9.8 N/kg
h = Height (m)
W = F × d
Work done = force × distance moved
W = Work (Joules)
F = Force (Newtons)
d = Distance (metres)
W = Work (Joules)
F = Force (Newtons)
d = Distance (metres)
P = W / t
Power = work done / time (or energy / time)
P = Power (Watts)
W = Work (Joules)
t = Time (seconds)
P = Power (Watts)
W = Work (Joules)
t = Time (seconds)
η = useful out / total in × 100%
Efficiency = useful output / total input × 100%
η (eta) = Efficiency (%), works for energy (J) or power (W)
η (eta) = Efficiency (%), works for energy (J) or power (W)
6. Pressure
p = F / A
Pressure = force / area
p = Pressure (Pascals, Pa or N/m²)
F = Force (Newtons)
A = Area (m²)
p = Pressure (Pascals, Pa or N/m²)
F = Force (Newtons)
A = Area (m²)
Δp = ρ × g × Δh
Pressure in fluid = density × g × depth
Δp = Pressure change (Pa)
ρ = Density (kg/m³)
g = 9.8 N/kg
h = Depth (metres)
Δp = Pressure change (Pa)
ρ = Density (kg/m³)
g = 9.8 N/kg
h = Depth (metres)
7. Thermal Physics
T (K) = θ (°C) + 273
Temperature conversion - Celsius to Kelvin
T = Absolute temperature (Kelvin)
θ (theta) = Temperature (°Celsius)
T = Absolute temperature (Kelvin)
θ (theta) = Temperature (°Celsius)
P₁V₁ = P₂V₂
Boyle's Law - pressure × volume = constant (at constant temperature)
P = Pressure (Pascals)
V = Volume (m³ or cm³)
P = Pressure (Pascals)
V = Volume (m³ or cm³)
ΔE = m × c × Δθ
Specific heat capacity - energy = mass × SHC × temp change
ΔE = Energy (Joules)
m = Mass (kg)
c = Specific heat capacity (J/kg°C)
Δθ = Temp change (°C)
ΔE = Energy (Joules)
m = Mass (kg)
c = Specific heat capacity (J/kg°C)
Δθ = Temp change (°C)
E = m × L
Latent heat - energy = mass × specific latent heat (no temp change)
E = Energy (Joules)
m = Mass (kg)
L = Specific latent heat (J/kg)
E = Energy (Joules)
m = Mass (kg)
L = Specific latent heat (J/kg)
8. Waves & Light
v = f × λ
Wave equation - speed = frequency × wavelength
v = Wave speed (m/s)
f = Frequency (Hertz, Hz)
λ (lambda) = Wavelength (metres)
v = Wave speed (m/s)
f = Frequency (Hertz, Hz)
λ (lambda) = Wavelength (metres)
f = 1 / T
Frequency = 1 / period
f = Frequency (Hertz, Hz), T = Period (seconds) - time for one complete wave
f = Frequency (Hertz, Hz), T = Period (seconds) - time for one complete wave
i = r
Law of reflection - angle of incidence = angle of reflection
i = Angle of incidence (degrees)
r = Angle of reflection (degrees)
Both measured from normal
i = Angle of incidence (degrees)
r = Angle of reflection (degrees)
Both measured from normal
n = sin i / sin r
Refractive index (Snell's Law) - n = sin(incidence) / sin(refraction)
n = Refractive index (no unit)
i = Angle of incidence
r = Angle of refraction
n = Refractive index (no unit)
i = Angle of incidence
r = Angle of refraction
n = 1 / sin c
Critical angle - for total internal reflection
n = Refractive index, c = Critical angle (degrees) - angle where light reflects internally
n = Refractive index, c = Critical angle (degrees) - angle where light reflects internally
9. Electricity
I = Q / t
Current = charge / time
I = Current (Amperes)
Q = Charge (Coulombs)
t = Time (seconds)
I = Current (Amperes)
Q = Charge (Coulombs)
t = Time (seconds)
V = W / Q
Voltage (p.d. or e.m.f.) = energy / charge
V = Voltage (Volts)
W = Work/Energy (Joules)
Q = Charge (Coulombs)
V = Voltage (Volts)
W = Work/Energy (Joules)
Q = Charge (Coulombs)
V = I × R
Ohm's Law - voltage = current × resistance
V = Voltage (Volts)
I = Current (Amperes)
R = Resistance (Ohms, Ω)
V = Voltage (Volts)
I = Current (Amperes)
R = Resistance (Ohms, Ω)
P = I × V
Electrical power = current × voltage
P = Power (Watts)
I = Current (Amperes)
V = Voltage (Volts)
P = Power (Watts)
I = Current (Amperes)
V = Voltage (Volts)
E = P × t
Electrical energy = power × time (or E = I×V×t)
E = Energy (Joules)
P = Power (Watts)
t = Time (seconds)
E = Energy (Joules)
P = Power (Watts)
t = Time (seconds)
P = I² × R
Power loss in cables (why high voltage = less loss)
P = Power (Watts)
I = Current (Amperes)
R = Resistance (Ohms)
P = Power (Watts)
I = Current (Amperes)
R = Resistance (Ohms)
10. Resistance & Circuits
Rₜ = R₁ + R₂ + ...
Series resistance - total = sum of all resistances
R = Resistance (Ohms, Ω)
In series: same current flows through all
R = Resistance (Ohms, Ω)
In series: same current flows through all
R ∝ L
Resistance ∝ length - longer wire = more resistance
R = Resistance (Ω)
L = Length (m)
Double length = double resistance
R = Resistance (Ω)
L = Length (m)
Double length = double resistance
R ∝ 1/A
Resistance ∝ 1/area - thicker wire = less resistance
R = Resistance (Ω)
A = Cross-sectional area (m²)
Double area = half resistance
R = Resistance (Ω)
A = Cross-sectional area (m²)
Double area = half resistance
1/Rₜ = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂
Parallel resistance - reciprocal sum of resistances
R = Resistance (Ohms, Ω)
In parallel: same voltage across all
R = Resistance (Ohms, Ω)
In parallel: same voltage across all
Vout = (R₂/Rₜ) × Vin
Potential divider - output voltage = (R₂/total R) × input voltage
V = Voltage (Volts)
Rₜ = R₁ + R₂ (total resistance in Ohms)
V = Voltage (Volts)
Rₜ = R₁ + R₂ (total resistance in Ohms)
11. Transformers
Vₚ/Vₛ = Nₚ/Nₛ
Transformer equation - voltage ratio = turns ratio
V = Voltage (Volts)
N = Number of turns
p = primary coil, s = secondary coil
V = Voltage (Volts)
N = Number of turns
p = primary coil, s = secondary coil
IₚVₚ = IₛVₛ
Transformer power - power in = power out (100% efficiency)
I = Current (Amperes)
V = Voltage (Volts)
Power = I × V (Watts)
I = Current (Amperes)
V = Voltage (Volts)
Power = I × V (Watts)
12. Space Physics
v = 2πr / T
Orbital speed = circumference / orbital period
v = Orbital speed (m/s)
r = Orbital radius (metres)
T = Orbital period (seconds)
v = Orbital speed (m/s)
r = Orbital radius (metres)
T = Orbital period (seconds)
v = H₀ × d
Hubble's Law - recession speed = Hubble constant × distance
v = Recession speed (m/s)
H₀ = Hubble constant (≈2.2×10⁻¹⁸ s⁻¹)
d = Distance (metres)
v = Recession speed (m/s)
H₀ = Hubble constant (≈2.2×10⁻¹⁸ s⁻¹)
d = Distance (metres)
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